Atomic Systems

I'm curious about the types of classification schemes used up through the transition era. From my reading, the US used different colored lamps mostly to indicate a train running outside the timetable. In the UK different arrangements of lamps on an engine indicated the type of train (I've read some different schemes, but they were eventually standardized after grouping). The Southern Railway had reflectors in different positions that indicated the route.

I was wondering if there were any notable schemes used in other countries around this time. Looking at pictures of engines from France, Sweden, and other places, I've seen larger lamps (possibly electric and fixed to the loco?) and I'd also like to know if they functioned to identify a train or just to make themselves visible.

As far as I'm aware, Continental practice was mostly to fit lamps for illumination and/or marking, not as route or class indicators. That's certainly modern practice.